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The mesmerizing world of RNAs is expansive, and so are their modifications and bases. The first notable feature of RNAs is that containing pseudouridine (5-ribosyluracil). This nucleoside is a C5 isomer of uracil base and is present in tRNAs, rRNAs, small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs), small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs), and mRNAs1,2.It was found in 1951 as […]
Autophagy is a term of Greek origin meaning ‘eating yourself’, the highly conserved cellular mechanism in the recycling of long-lived proteins and damaged organelles. Autophagy is a degradation pathway that functions in all nucleated cells from yeast to humans and has critical importance in maintaining intracellular balance1. It was first discovered in rat liver epithelial
Living beings, especially animals like mammals, have (plural) a state named ‘hibernation’. It can be described as a state or natural tolerance with minimal action and metabolic activity1. Commonly; it has several symptoms like low heart rate and temperature, slow metabolism, and minimum activity.1 We commonly see this state in wintertime, continuing for several months and
Ever since hybrid speciation was discovered, botanists have believed that it plays a constructive part in plants. Recent genetic evidence has shown that hybrid speciation is also common in animals1. Hybrid speciation, one of the evolutionary types, has changed our understanding of the evolution of species. Natural hybridization happens very rarely but plays a significant
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Schizophrenia is a serious psychiatric disorder bearing both genetic and environmental causes 1 2. Whilst it has an impact on 1% of the population, it causes important consequences on society and the economy 3. Each 1 in 300 people worldwide has a schizophrenia diagnosis according to World Health Organization 2022 data *[1]. Because the exact